137f2286-e426-4231-b65d-e65503fa6e5cLead primary and secondary mixtechnology mixproduction mix, at producerprimary 46% / secondary 54%Pb mixProcessesIndustry dataILAThe data set covers all relevant process steps / technologies over the supply chain of the represented cradle to gate inventory with a good overall data quality. The inventory is mainly based on industry data and is completed, where necessary, by secondary data. This data set is based on primary data from internationally adopted production processes, connected with regional precursor chains.90The data set represents the European region specific situation, focusing on the main technologies, the region specific characteristics and the legislative boundary conditions at mining and refining of primary and secondary plants.Foreground system:
The system boundaries comprise the cradle to gate life cycle of 80% of used technologies of ILA member companies in the year 2009. In case of specific electricity or steam supply, these systems are built up in GaBi models. The incineration of production residues and any credits for energy generation are considered in all models. The LCI dataset considers the production of the Lead metal and its precursors and excludes any packaging material and transports of the finished product from the factory to subsequent users. Transportation processes for the raw materials are accounted for as far as data on average transport distances were available. Most of the precursors are delivered by pipeline.
All relevant material and energy flows were included in the system. Life cycle impacts of production equipment and infrastructure were not included in the system as no evidence could be justified that these are to any extent relevant and thus fell under the cut-off criteria. In mass production the impact of production equipment and infrastructure normally is in orders of magnitude lower than the impacts of material and energy supply. Waste flows as an input to the production such as: Pb scrap, battery, etc were modeled burden free. Processes covering the waste treatment have been used, except for Slag (containg Pb) and Sulphuric acid.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Supply of a standard technical product according to the applied technology.Metal production_Lead primary and secondary mix.JPGPartly terminated systemAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - net calorific valueAllocation - exergetic contentAllocation - massFOREGROUND system: Mass allocation was applied in the production processes.
BACKGROUND system: For the combined heat and power production, allocation by exergetic content is applied. For the electricity generation and by-products, e.g. gypsum, allocation by market value is applied due to no common physical properties. Within the refinery allocation by net calorific value and mass is used. For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids production allocation by net calorific value is applied.All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneForeground: For the material and energy input to the gate-to-gate data, no cut-off criteria were applied as it was intended to capture the complete material input.
Backgropund: Cut-off rules for each unit process: Coverage of at least 95% of mass and energy of the input and output flows, and 98% of their environmental relevance (according to expert judgment).NoneIn the modelling of the product system, the foreground system and the background system are considered separately: For the foreground system specific data of the participating companies were collected, for background data of consumed materials, energy carriers, services etc. are used from the GaBi databases. In the modelling of the product system, the product flows of the foreground system are connected to the background datasets of the respective products. In doing so the inventory of the background data set is scaled to the required amount, which the foreground system consumes (e.g. 3.5kWh electricity per kg product produced by a process of the foreground system).NoneForeground: Data was collected and treated to ensure the resulting inventory is representative for the average European Lead metal production. Namely, the data was collected from several producing companies and covers >80 % of the Lead metal production technologies. Data collection period: one year production. The datset is representative for the state of technology in 2009 and should be reviewed for technological change in 10 years.
Background:For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneAverage Industry Data , 1999-2010GaBi databases36.0n/aEmissions measured at consistent boundary conditions according to legislative boundary conditions at mining and refining of primary and secondary plants2008-2009n/aThe data set can be used for all LCA/CF studies where the product is needed. Combination with individual unit processes using this commodity enables the generation of user-specific (product) LCAs.All relevant flows quantifiedAll data sets in the GaBi Databases are constantly used, compared, benchmarked and reviewed by a broad GaBi user community. Calculated results are published frequently in various external, professional and third party LCA literature, papers, and other media within industry, academia and politics. The incorporation of feedback provided by the GaBi users is standard practice in the maintenance and update procedure, and leads to stable, quality-assured and constantly improved data. The internal review is done with several iterative steps involving raw data validation, raw data documentation, representativeness, completeness and consistent modelling with regard to ISO 14040 and 14044. The data set documentation is correct in respect to the appropriateness of the information available. It includes all relevant information in relation to data quality and the scope of application of the respective LCI result.thinkstepLBP-GaBiIBP-GaBiNoneGaBi conformity systemNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedUNEP SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedILCD Data Network - Entry-levelNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedILAThis background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies e.g. batteries, electronics, and alloys.thinkstep2017-01-01T00:00:00+01:00ILCD format 1.1thinkstepNo official approval by producer or operator2017-01-01T00:00:00+01:0011.00.000Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasesILAtrueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of thinkstep AG. thinkstep AG delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Lead (99.995%)Output110.000Mixed primary / secondaryUnknown derivation